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The occurrence animal's dangerous infections and zoonoses in the Czech Republic and South Bohemian Region
KOVÁŘOVÁ, Lenka
The bachelor thesis deals with the occurrence and frequency of dangerous animal infections and zoonotic diseases in the Czech Republic and the South Bohemian Region in the years 2014 to 2018. The hypothesis of this paper is to find whether the number of outbreaks of dangerous animal infections and zoonotic diseases in the last 5 years has increased. In the first section I deal with the actual characteristics of infections, their course and latency. In the next section, I look at the history of infections, their discovery and, as the case may be, pandemics that caused certain infections. The third section describes the current infection situation which serves to meet the objectives and answers of the hypothesis. A description is presented here of the occurrence and frequency of infections in the Czech Republic and the South Bohemian Region. The data are also used as a tool to answer the hypothesis and assess the infection situation in the Czech Republic and in the South Bohemian Region. Data from the State Veterinary Administration, National Institute of Public Health and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control were analysed to meet this objective. In my paper I describe the most common animal infections and zoonotic diseases that affect the Czech Republic or are a global problem, and provide information about the infection situation concerning avian influenza, African swine fever virus, rabies, leptospirosis, salmonella, campylobacteriosis, Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, tularemie, bovine tuberculosis or the current Covid-19. This paper also presents a comparison of the data about the number of infected people in European Union countries, including the Czech Republic, and compares the occurrence of zoonotic diseases throughout the country and in the South Bohemian Region. In my paper I also describe the system of animal screening carried out by the State Veterinary Administration and the number of tested animals.
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Possibility interference interest in vaccination against curse encephalitic in focus infection
VOBORSKÁ, Eliška
This diploma thesis addresses the topic of informing people of tick-borne encephalitis and vaccination against this disease. Our diploma thesis has four objectives in total. The first objective was to ascertain how many of the respondents were vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis. The second and the third objectives were to demonstrate the reasons of vaccinated and unvaccinated respondents. The fourth objective was to analyze the attitudes of the respondents to publicization of the tick-borne encephalitis issue. As an infection with the natural focus, the disease is caused by a tick-borne encephalitis virus belonging among flaviviruses. The carrier is a sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus). Ticks live as parasites on reservoir animals, such as small rodents, ungulates and domestic animals. The clinical picture of the disease has mostly two stages and the symptomatologic form affects in particular adults and seniors. South Bohemia is a significant focus of tick-borne encephalitis with the sickness rate considerably exceeding the average of the Czech Republic. The most efficient prevention of the disease is vaccination. Two vaccines have been registered in the Czech Republic at present, namely FSME-Immun of Baxter and Encepur of Novartis. Both the vaccines are intended for children from 1 year of age. The basic vaccination scheme consists of 3 doses and the vaccinated person needs to be revaccinated every 3-5 years. It follows from the questionnaire research that 49 % of the total number of 136 respondents are vaccinated. As expected, the most frequent reason for vaccination (65 %) is the fear of becoming infected with tick-borne encephalitis. Other reasons are the interventions of the surrounding persons persuading the person to become vaccinated (19 %) and the financial contribution of the health insurance company or the employer (16 %). 35 % of the unvaccinated respondents do not plan to become vaccinated in the future. Approximately 40 % of the unvaccinated respondents feel that they do not need the vaccination or do not trust vaccination as such. 42 % of the unvaccinated persons would agree to vaccination if they received a financial contribution of the health insurance company or the employer, but nothing at all would convince 35 % of the unvaccinated respondents. It follows from the research that most respondents are satisfied with the quantity and the content of the information about tick-borne encephalitis. They do not think that anything should be changed in the system of informing of the disease. This thesis contributes to monitoring the trends in thinking of the public, and will eventuate in the finding which way the education of people about tick-borne encephalitis should be directed.
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Vaccination Rate of Adults against Tick-borne Meningoencephalitis in České Budějovice
VOBORSKÁ, Eliška
The aim of this thesis was to map vaccination rate against tick-borne encephalitis in adults in the town of České Budějovice, the town in the focus of infection. Tick-borne encephalitis is a very malign and dangerous neurodegenerative disease. At the beginning there appear only inconspicuous flu-like symptoms. It is transmitted either by infected ticks or by eating products made from non-pasteurized milk of infected animals (goats, sheep). People living in areas with higher occurrence of ticks infected by one of the diseases (tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, ehrlichiois) should pay attention to prevention. In case of tick-borne encephalitis vaccination is possible. It is recommended during winter months, when ticks are not active. This precaution is done in cold weather so that in spring when ticks are active, the body has sufficient amount of antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis. During warm months it is possible to apply accelerated scheme of vaccination so that the body produces antibodies quicker, however, their survival is rather shorter. My research was carried out by means of questionnaires which were filled in by the group of randomly chosen inhabitants of České Budějovice. The form of processing was the method of quantitative research. The questionnaires were processed by the form of descriptive study. Total number of returned questionnaires was 541 (77%). The generation until 29 (68%) had the highest distribution; this age category has the highest vaccination rate (56%). The total proportion of vaccinated against non-vaccinated is 49% to 51 %. On the contrary, the lowest vaccination rate is in generations of 70 years old and older people, where 1 of 18 is vaccinated (5.5 %). In women, who created 76 % of examined sample, the vaccination rate makes up 53 % and in men, who took 24 %, there were 35 % vaccinated. The next aim of my thesis was to monitor attitudes of inhabitants to vaccination. We found out that in non-vaccinated inhabitants the main reason was opinion that vaccination is not necessary (43 %), the next was finance (20%) and further some other reasons, for example laziness. In vaccinated inhabitants the most common reason was the fear of infection and further persuasion by another person (24 %). The third place is occupied by the stay in risky environment (18 %).
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Logistics, security and intervention, a strategic approach to the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease on 300 livestock in a farming community
ŘEZNÍČKOVÁ, Martina
The foot and mouth disease is an acute, very contagious virus disease of even-toed ungulates (cattle, Wheel, pigs). The primary source of the infection is an ill animal, a secondary source are all the subject contaminated by the originator of the illness. Also people often pass the illness (on their shoes and also clothes). At present, the foot and mouth disease in Great Britain is mentioned at most; however, the epi-centers of the contagion of this illness may be found in many other places all around the world. Although the last occurrence of the foot and mouth disease was recorded in 1975 in the Czech Republic, the real risk of spreading this infection in our territory exists also at present. The people get infected with foot and mouth disease may very seldom. Also the most animals are able to survive this disease; in spite of this fact, spreading the infection in the breeding causes immense economic loss. For this reason, many countries consider necessary to fight against the infection by all the possible means. First of all the prevention and preparation of various plans and preparation of experts is accentuated. In case of any suspicion concerning the foot and mouth disease it is necessary to take the necessary measures. Only thanks to a thorough preparation and correct observation of all the measures it is possible to fight effectively with this dangerous infection, although at the expense of lives of many animals.
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Problems of the tick encephalitis
NUSLOVÁ, Aneta
Problems of tick encephalitis The subject of this degree work is the analysis of some indexes as to the incidence of the tick encephalitis in two regions of the Czech Republic for the period of the years 1996-2006. The tick encephalitis is a grave common tick-borne neuroinfection. It occurs permanently on territory of the Czech Republic. Some localities of the Czech Republic are notable natural seats of the tick encephalitis even within the bounds of the Central Europe. The most effective protection against this grave illness is vaccination performed in due time. The aim of the work was the comparison of the incidence trends in the South Bohemian Region considering the character and area of the natural seats. The work analyses the occurrence of this illness in connection with the age, sex, domicile and the place of getting ticks as to cases reported in the districts of České Budějovice and Příbram during the judged period. The necessary documents were put at disposal by epidemiological departments of the Regional Hygienic Station for the South Bohemian Region with the seat at České Budějovice and of the Regional Hygienic Station with the seat at Prague and that of its territorial establishment in Příbram. The data analysis showed that the occurence of the tick encephalitis varied relatively greatly in the particular years of the investigated period. The highest number of cases reported in the South Bohemian Region was registered in the year 2000 where 232 persons altogether fell ill. The highest number of cases reported in the Central Bohemian Region was registered in the year 2006 where 113 persons altogether fell ill. It was established on the basis of the analysis in relation to the sex of patients that the men affected by this disease absolutely prevailed both in the district of České Budějovice and in the district of Příbram in the examined period. On the basis of the analysis in relation to the age of the patients the highest incidence was found in the age group of 55-64 years in the district of České Budějovice and in the age group of 45-54 years in the district of Příbram. The people living permanently in town are affected by the tick encephalitis predominantly on the both districts. The significant localities where ticks can be got are as cases reported in the district of the České Budějovice in an absolute majority part of suburban holiday areas situated in the valleys of Vltava and the tributaries thereof. It concerns for instance the localities of Borovany, Boršov, Kamenný Újezd, the area along the Rančický creek or the holiday area of Mrhal and Štilec. The lokalities of Trhové Sviny, Nové Hrady and Zliv are situated in the seat of the infection too. In district of Příbram it is especially the bank area around the artificial reservoir Orlík. The differences in the total incidence are determined by the different character of natural seats in the both investigated district. The South Bohemian seat can be classified as a large-area one. It is situated at an optielevation above sea level and has optimal hydrological and biological conditions that enable nearly a permanent circulation of the virus in the seat. The Central Bohemian natural seat covers a smaller area and depends of fluctuation of temperature and other climatic effect.
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